Research highlights
- In this research project, the production and use of biochar in 150 smallholder farming households in three different regions in Kenya was investigated. Biochar-producing cookstoves were distributed and fuel use efficiency, emissions and biochar production were quantified. Effects on crop yields after application of biochar to soil was studied.
- Biochar produced in cookstoves can contribute to negative carbon emissions through sequestration of biomass carbon, while also providing clean renewable energy and increasing yields in tropical agriculture.
- The project is a transdisciplinary collaboration between researchers in Kenya (IITA, ICRAF and CIFOR) and Sweden (KTH, SLU and Lund University).
- The research is funded by the Swedish Research Council, grant No. 2015 03180, and the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning, grants No. 924-2015-1112 and 942-2015-1648.
Resources
Selected references
Gitau, K. J.; Sundberg, C.; Mendum, R.; Mutune, J.; Njenga, M. Use of Biochar-Producing Gasifier Cookstove Improves Energy Use Efficiency and Indoor Air Quality in Rural Households. Energies. 2019 https://doi.org/10.3390/en12224285
Gitau, K. J.; Mutune, J.; Sundberg, C.; Mendum, R.; Njenga, M. Factors Influencing the Adoption of Biochar-Producing Gasifier Cookstoves by Households in Rural Kenya. Energy Sustain. Dev. 2019, 52, 63–71 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESD.2019.07.006
Complete list of references further down.
Presentations & other documents
The work was presented in conferences. Several dissemination documents were also released.
Policy brief (6 pages, 2020)
Project flyer (2 pages, 2019)
2020 Green Carbon Webinar
Project participants
- Cecilia Sundberg, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Erik Karltun, Thomas Kätterer, Gert Nyberg, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala and Umeå, Sweden
- Yahia Mahmoud, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Mary Njenga, James Gitau, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya
- Kristina Roing De Nowina, CIFOR, Nairobi. Kenya
- Dries Roobroeck, Geoffrey Kimutai, IITA, Nairobi, Kenya
Recordings
Watch a presentation of the project.
Want to read more?
Funding
The research (2016 to 2020) was funded by Vetenskapsrådet, with grant number 2015 03180, as well as Formas, with grant numbers 924-2015-1112 and 942-2015-1648.
Project summary
Biochar produced in cookstoves can contribute to negative carbon emissions through sequestration of biomass carbon, while also providing clean renewable energy and increasing yields in tropical agriculture.
In this research project the production and use of biochar in 150 smallholder farming households in three different regions in Kenya is investigated. Biochar-producing cookstoves have been distributed and the fuel use efficiency, emissions and biochar production are quantified. Effects on crop yields after application of biochar to soil is also studied.
Results show that cookstoves provided benefits through reduced smoke, savings on fuel wood and production of char, but challenges were found related to labour for fuel preparation, lighting, and refilling of stoves.
On-farm trials with varying rates of biochar application to soils show significant increases in maize yield both in combination and without mineral fertilization. Yield increases are persistent according to our results from an ongoing long-term trial which was started in 2006. More recent participatory trials where the farmers used their own biochar from the cookstoves also showed positive correlations between biochar rates and yields.
The climate impact in a life cycle perspective is quantified, taking biomass production and use, cookstove efficiency and biochar use in agriculture into account. Climate benefits are possible through reduced use of biomass in cooking, reduced emissions and sequestration of stable biochar carbon in soils.
The farmers perceptions of the technology and the reasons for changes in practices are also investigated in the project.
List of references
Peer-reviewed publications
Kätterer, T., Roobroeck, D., Kimutai, G., Karltun E., Nyberg, G., Sundberg C., Roing de Nowina K. 2022. Maize grain yield responses to realistic biochar application rates on smallholder farms in Kenya. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 42, 63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-022-00793-5
Mahmoud Y, Njenga M, Sundberg C, Roing de Nowina K, 2021. Soils, sinks, and smallholder farmers: Examining the benefits of biochar energy transitions in Kenya, Energy Research & Social Science, 75, 102033, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102033.
Sundberg, C.; Karltun, E.; Gitau, J.K.; Kätterer, T.; Kimutai, G.M.; Mahmoud, Y.; Njenga, M.; Nyberg, G.; Roing de Nowina, K.; Roobroeck, D.; Sieber, P. Biochar from cookstoves reduces greenhouse gas emissions from smallholder farms in Africa. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 2020 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-020-09920-7
Gitau, K. J.; Sundberg, C.; Mendum, R.; Mutune, J.; Njenga, M. Use of Biochar-Producing Gasifier Cookstove Improves Energy Use Efficiency and Indoor Air Quality in Rural Households. Energies. 2019 https://doi.org/10.3390/en12224285
Gitau, K. J.; Mutune, J.; Sundberg, C.; Mendum, R.; Njenga, M. Factors Influencing the Adoption of Biochar-Producing Gasifier Cookstoves by Households in Rural Kenya. Energy Sustain. Dev. 2019, 52, 63–71 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESD.2019.07.006
Kätterer, T.; Roobroeck, D.; Andrén, O.; Kimutai, G.; Karltun, E.; Kirchmann, H.; Nyberg, G.; Vanlauwe, B.; Röing de Nowina, K. Biochar Addition Persistently Increased Soil Fertility and Yields in Maize-Soybean Rotations over 10 Years in Sub-Humid Regions of Kenya. F. Crop. Res. 2019, 235, 18–26 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2019.02.015
Gitau, J.K., Mutune, J., Sundberg, C., Mendum, R., Njenga, M. 2019. Implications on Livelihoods and the Environment of Uptake of Gasifier Cook Stoves among Kenya’s Rural Households. Applied Sciences. 9, 1205 https://doi.org/10.3390/app9061205
Njenga, M, Mahmoud Y, Mendum R, Iiyama M, Jamnadass R, Roing de Nowina K, Sundberg C. 2017. Quality of charcoal produced using micro gasification and how the new cook stove works in rural Kenya. Environmental Research Letters. 12(9),095001 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7499
Njenga M, Iiyama M, Jamnadass R, Helander H, Larsson L, de Leeuw J, Neufeldt H, Roing de Nowina K, Sundberg C. 2016. Gasifier as a cleaner cooking system in rural Kenya. Journal of Cleaner Production. 121, 208-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.01.039
Book chapters
James K. Gitau, Ruth Mendum and Mary Njenga. 2018. Gender and Improvement of Cooking Systems with Biochar-producing Gasifier Stoves. In: Njenga, M.; Mendum, R. (Eds.). 2018. Recovering bioenergy in Sub-Saharan Africa: gender dimensions, lessons and challenges. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). (Resource Recovery and Reuse: Special Issue). https://doi.org/10.5337/2018.226
MSc & BSc theses
Ranung Siri and Ruud Jessica. 2019. Use of Biochar Producing Cookstoves in Rural Kenya: Energy efficiency, air pollution concentrations and biochar production potential. SEED, KTH https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-257882
Made Sania Saraswati. 2018. Design Improvements for Top-Lit UpDraft Biochar-Producing Gasifier Stove in Rural Kenya from the Users’ Perspective. Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University. ISSN 1650-6553 https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1264317/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Libbis Sujessy. 2018. Climate Change Impact Assessment of a Biochar System in Rural Kenya. SEED, KTH https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-237293
Caterina Celi. 2018. Characterization of biochar and biomass samples from Kenyan cookstove to assess the use of biochar as soil improver and as fuel. Chemical Engineerging, Università degli studi dell’Aquila, Italy
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